A horse is born with baby teeth that are already in place. Underneath these baby teeth are permanent teeth that are almost three inches long. These teeth are located in the sinuses of the horse and erupt at a rate of one quarter inch per year. The baby teeth are shed a few at a time as the horse matures. These baby teeth are also called caps. The caps come off the opposing teeth at approximately the same time. If these caps come off at different times instead of all at once, it creates uneven wear on the dental surfaces that can then create an imbalance in the mouth. This imbalance can interrupt the normal chewing motion of the horse’s jaw resulting in larger portions of feed being swallowed without first being properly masticated and prepared for digestion. This sets up a situation for uneven dental wear eventually resulting in a step or wave mouth. The horse is again more prone to colic, and can wear out the tooth that is opposite the one that is too long. Yearlings and two-year olds with teeth erupting and caps being lost need to have their teeth checked annually by a veterinarian. Many horse owners believe that only older horses can have dental problems, but these young horses are having big changes in their dental surfaces that need to be monitored. If their mouth is balanced while they are young, future problems in dentition can be prevented. Uneven table surfaces also put pressure on the horses TMJ, or temporal mandibular joint. This can cause jaw pain, and referred pain up to the occiput which can then travel up the neck. The Geriatric horse’s teeth are short with shallow roots. The major portion of their tooth has already erupted and has been worn down short from use. Sometimes these teeth become loose and food gets underneath them. This sets up an area of infection under the loose tooth that needs to be treated. Sometimes the affected tooth needs to be pulled. Therefore, a horse needs to have an annual dental check up from the time he is a yearling throughout his life.
Vaccination
If you are breeding your mare this year, contact the breeding farm to see if they require a negative EVA test before arrival at the farm. A vaccine is available for equine viral arteritis. The vaccine has been on the market for years, used mostly by the warmblood community. The high demand by the quarter horse breeders this year has caused the vaccine to be on manufacture back order until mid-march. After vaccination, the horses need to be separated from unvaccinated horses for 10 days. Stallions should not be bred for 28 days following vaccination, and mares should not be bred for 21 days after vaccination. Vaccinated horses must also be kept away from pregnant mares for at least 28 days. Vaccinated mares that are bred to carrier stallions should be isolated from other non-vaccinated horses for 21 days after they are bred.
Veterinary Ophthalmology
Dr. Groves has had good success treating eye problems, immune system issues, behavior problems, chronic disease and chronic pain, acute disease such as sprained tendons and ligaments, allergies, colic, etc. using homeopathy.
Nutritional Counseling
Many people know that a horse could be developing ulcers if he is getting more picky about eating his grain, eats a little and then walks away, has weight loss, has a dull hair coat, or is sensitive when you brush them over their abdomen. Other, lesser known, signs of ulcers could be decreased level of performance, failure to collect or get their hind end underneath themselves, stiffness in the shoulders, lameness, loss of the range of motion in joints, or grumpiness.
The American Association of Equine Practitioners is aware of the problem of the worms developing resistance to the de- wormers we currently have access to. One thing you can do to prevent further development of resistance to the de wormers we are currently using is to make sure to give your horse a dose that is adequate for his weight. If you dose your horse for less than his weight, you will make all the worms sick, and kill NONE of them. They will develop resistance to the de- wormer. Many states are successfully incorporating a system of only de-worming the horses that are shedders of parasite eggs. It seems that only a small portion of the horses seem to be carrying most of the parasites. We call these horses “shedders”. If we only de-worm the “shedders”, theoretically we will decrease the chance of resistance developing. The way this procedure is implemented is by testing the horses manure for the presence of parasite eggs before the deworming and again about 2/3 of the way through the manufacturer’s recommendation for the duration of action of the de- wormer. The horses should have no or a low number of parasite eggs in the feces at this point. Those who have high egg counts are the ones we want to concentrate on keeping on a more frequent de- worming schedule. Those who do not have very many eggs can be de- wormed less frequently. If your horse does show a high egg count after a certain type of de-wormer, you can try using a different ingredient (don’t just buy a different name brand of de- wormer, make sure you are using a different ingredient). It may be that the parasites at your farm have developed resistance to the particular de-wormer ingredient that you are using. Rotation of dewormers will help prevent resistance from developing.
Pain Management
Dr. Groves is certified by the International Veterinary Acupuncture Society (IVAS). Acupuncture can be used for pain management, back problems, cervical problems, hard-to-breed mares, stallion and mare reproductive problems and infertility, scar tissue, immune stimulation, non-sweating, and many other disorders. Dr. Groves was a teaching assistant for the 2008 IVAS course held in San Antonio.
Diarrhea Treatment
Skin Condition and Allergy Treatment
Immune Support: This product contains tumeric, which contains curcumin, a very good immune system booster. I use Immune Support for horses with skin problems, horses who have been exposed to disease, and horses who are traveling or under excessive stress. This product acts as a primer to “jump start” the immune system into doing it’s job as well as possible.
Upper Respiratory Illness Treatment
EVA was detected in New Mexico and Utah in 2006. It is a virus that causes a mild to severe respiratory disease in horses. This virus can also cause mares to abort their foals. Some stallions that are infected with the virus will become carriers, shedding the virus in their semen. Signs of the disease include fever, depression, diarrhea, nasal discharge, coughing, and swelling of the head, body or legs. If you suspect your horse has EVA, a blood sample can be sent to the lab by your veterinarian to confirm the disease. Many diseases have similar symptoms. Horses can contract the virus by inhalation, such as nose to nose contact. The virus can contaminate bedding and other objects, but does not live well outside the horse. An infected stallion can shed the virus in his semen, even if it is extended and cooled. Most affected mares, geldings, and sexually immature stallions will eliminate the virus after a brief period of illness. The big problem is created when a breeding stallion is infected with the virus. He can become a carrier of the disease and shed the virus for long periods of time. Mares must be vaccinated in order to be bred to an EVA positive stallion.
Terry Fox of Buck Mountain Botanicals has produced some incredible equine herbs, and his product called Neoplasene, that is revolutionizing cancer treatment. Terry presented a paper about his product Neoplasene at the American Veterinary Medical Association meeting in Atlanta the end of July 2010. We have used this product with great success. This product can be used on both small and large animals. For more information see: www.buckmountainbotanicals.net
Arnica is the first thing that comes to mind when I prepare a first aid kit. Arnica montana is used for any type of trauma, from a small bruise to falling off a mountain. Rhus tox is good for tendon and ligament sprains. Ruta gravolens is good for bone bruises. Silica is used to get foreign bodies such as splinters and thorns to come out. Silica is also used to get a hoof abscess to open and drain. Ledum palustre is used for puncture wounds and insect bites. Lachesis is used to treat spider bites. Apis and Urtica urens are both remedies that work well for insect bites, more specifically bites from wasps and ants. Arsenicum album is good for diarrhea. Calcarea fluorica is helpful for back pain. Carbo vegetabilis, Colocynthis, and Nux vomica are good for treating colic. Symphytum helps with fractures. Hypericum is good for nerve pain. Phosphorus is will help stop bleeding. Euphrasia is used to treat eye problems. Echinacea will treat infections. Calendula is good for open wounds. Aconite will help with fear, anxiety and panic. You can repeat the remedies every five to fifteen minutes depending on the severity of the symptoms.
Once you have found a horse that meets most of the criteria on your list, and that you are comfortable on; arrange with the owner to have the horse “vet checked”. Many owners will allow you to take the horse home on a trial basis until the vet check is performed. Make sure that you have worked out details about who “owns” the horse if something happens to him while in the care of the buyer. If the horse is insured, both of you should be protected. If not, specify who is responsible if the horse needs medical or surgical care, or if the horse should be in an accident. Usually, the buyer assumes responsibility for any new developments in the horse, and the seller is responsible for any chronic conditions. Choose the veterinarian who does the pre-purchase exam carefully. Make sure the practitioner is competent in equine medicine, and it is better to choose a veterinarian that does not do regular work for the seller. If the horse you want to buy is out of state, you can call your local veterinarian for a referral. Your veterinarian should have a list of other vets who are members of the American Association of Equine Practitioners. You can also find veterinarians who are members of this association by looking online at www.aaep.org.
Dr. Groves graduated in 1981 from Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine. She has been an equine veterinarian for 39 years, and horses have been her life passion.